Bilingual Grammar Glossary for Japan
英語文法用語

学習者・教授側にとって便利な文法用語集

*内容一覧*
品詞 Parts of Speech	発音 Pronunciation
統語 Syntax	文体 Style
法 The Moods	日本人に区別の難しい英語の音声
時制 The Tenses	English-only version

品詞 Parts of Speech

冠詞	Article	形容詞	Adjective
名詞	Noun	前置詞	Preposition
代名詞	Pronoun	接続詞	Conjunction
動詞	Verb	感嘆詞	Interjection
副詞	Adverb	数詞	Number (Numeral)

冠詞 Article
不定冠詞	Indefinite article	There's a pen on the table.
定冠詞	Definite article	The pen is mine.
無冠詞	Zero article	Planning is important.

名詞 Noun
名詞の単数形	Singular noun	boy, box, baby, child, antenna, phenomenon
名詞の複数形	Plural noun	boys, boxes, babies, children, antennae, phenomena
可算名詞	Countable noun	one apple, two apples
不可算名詞	Uncountable noun	some rice, some mayonnaise
集合名詞	Collective noun	furniture, cutlery, equipment
具象名詞	Concrete noun	apple, computer
抽象名詞	Abstract noun	honesty, love, fear, happiness
複合名詞	Compound noun	bookshelf, word-processor, post office
普通名詞	Common noun	apple, computer
固有名詞	Proper noun	Linda has a house in London.
名祖	Eponym	Parkinson's (named after James Parkinson) sandwich (named after the 4th Earl of Sandwich)
部分語・単位を表す言葉	Partitives, units and quantity	Partitives express a part of a whole. They also enable us to quantify uncountable nouns: two rices two bags of rice. None of the adults, some of the boys, all of the girls, both of the brothers, neither of the sisters, etc. (See also quantifiers) A box of chocolates, a carton of milk, a can of soda, a bottle of Scotch, a jar of peanut butter, a tub of ice cream, a cup of coffee, a piece of cheesecake, a bag of peanuts, a packet of chewing gum, a tube of toothpaste, a roll of film, a tin of paint, a pack of cards, a bunch of grapes, a whole bunch of paparazzi, a company of girl guides, a gang of thieves, a flock of sheep, a herd of cows, a pack of hounds, a school or shoal of fish, a set of rules, a bouquet of flowers, a swarm of mosquitoes, etc.

代名詞 Pronoun
指示代名詞	Demonstrative pronoun	This was fun. That was boring.
不定代名詞	Indefinite pronoun	Some were good. Nobody is there. Is there any left?
疑問の代名詞	Interrogative pronoun	What? Which? Who? Whom?
人称代名詞 (主格)	Personal pronoun (subjective)	I, you, he, she, it, we, you (pl.), they
人称代名詞 (目的格)	Personal pronoun (objective)	me, you, him, her, it, us, you (pl.), them
所有代名詞	Possessive pronoun	The car is mine / yours / his / hers / ours / theirs
再帰代名詞	Reflexive pronoun	Bill burned himself on the hot iron.
強調再帰代名詞	Emphasizing pronoun	The King himself visited the disaster victims.
関係代名詞	Relative pronoun	The man who / that won is here. The prize which / that he won is also here.

動詞 Verb
定形動詞	Finite verb	A verb form the use of which which is limited by subject and tense, e.g. I go, he goes, she went, they have gone.
不定形動詞	Infinite verb	A verb form the use of which is unrestricted by subject or tense. In English this means the infinitive, the gerund and the participles.
不定詞	Infinitive	The infinitive is the basic form of a verb you'll find listed in a dictionary.
原形不定詞	Bare infinitive	She can drink coffee.
「to」付き不定詞	to-infinitive	She stopped to drink coffee.
動名詞	Gerund	She stopped drinking coffee.
現在分詞	Present participle	Charlie is playing golf now.
過去分詞	Past participle	Emmy has played already.
三人称単数形	3rd person singular	He likes cooking. She watches TV.
規則動詞	Regular verb	She walks, she walked, she has walked
不規則動詞	Irregular verb	I swim, I swam, I have swum
助動詞	Auxiliary verb	I have won! He is eating. Do you smoke?
法助動詞（＋動詞の原形）	Modal auxiliary verb (+ bare infinitive)	You must (had to) go. We can (could) drive. He may (might) come. They will (would) win. I shall (should) write to the manager. You ought to complain.
知覚動詞（＋形容詞）	Verb of perception (+ adjective)	She seems reliable, appears confident and sounds interesting. The food looks good, smells superb and tastes delicious.
動作動詞	Action verb	Action verbs are used in both the simple and continuous tenses: Jane plays chess. She is playing chess now.
状態動詞	State (or stative) verb	State verbs are generally not used in the continuous tenses: Jane belongs to the chess club. Membership costs just $20 a year. Some people dislike playing chess, while others love it.
遂行動詞	Performative verb	発言した時点でその動作を行ったことになる動詞 Performative verbs are utterances that constitute an action: He admits he made a mistake and promises not to do it again.
他動詞	Transitive verb	The company raised its prices.
自動詞	Intransitive verb	Prices rose.
受動態	Passive voice	Prices were raised.
句動詞	Phrasal verb	His marriage broke up when his car broke down.

副詞 Adverb
原級副詞	Positive adverb	Jenny works hard and carefully.
比較級副詞	Comparative adverb	Kate works even harder and more carefully than Jenny.
最上級副詞	Superlative adverb	Pam works (the) hardest and most carefully.
度合を表す副詞	Adverb of degree	Jack is quite short but rather chubby.
頻度を表す副詞	Adverb of frequency	I never smoke but I sometimes drink alcohol.
様相を表す副詞	Adverb of manner	Anne drives slowly but safely.
場所を表す副詞	Adverb of place	He ran away. She lives abroad.
時間を表す副詞	Adverb of time	Today he is still unwell.
疑問の副詞	Interrogative adverb	Why / when / where / how did he go?
関係副詞	Relative adverb	The town where I was born.
文副詞	Sentence adverb	Hopefully she'll come. She definitely ought to.

形容詞 Adjective
形容詞の正しい順序	Correct order of adjectives	意見大きさ形年齢濃淡色模様出身 (原産) 材料 (原料) Opinion size shape age shade color pattern origin material I have a lovely large round new bright red and white striped Spanish cotton tablecloth.
限定用法の形容詞	Attributive adjective	The late train (= scheduled later than others) A heavy drinker (= he drank a lot of alcohol)
叙述用法の形容詞	Predicative adjective	The train was late (= delayed). The drinker was heavy (= he weighed a lot).
原級形容詞	Positive adjective	Dick is kind and generous.
比較級形容詞	Comparative adjective	Dan is even kinder and more generous than Dick.
最上級形容詞	Superlative adjective	Dave is (the) kindest and most generous.
疑問の形容詞	Interrogative adjective	Whose party? Which restaurant? What time?
指示	Demonstrative adjective	This / that book. These / those pens.
配分形容詞	Distributive adjective	Each / every / either / neither girl. All / both boys.
所有形容詞	Possessive adjective	My / your / his / her / its / our / their eyes.
限定詞	Determiner	Word used to narrow the scope of a noun, such as a numeral, an article, or the demonstrative, distributive and possessive adjectives above.
数量詞	Quantifier	A quantifier is either a distributive adjective or some other single word or phrase used to define quantity, e.g. "The old man had some CDs, a few DVDs, a lot of video cassettes, one hundred audio cassettes and half a ton of LP records!" (See also partitives.)
直喩	Simile	As strong as a lion, as blind as a bat, as dead as a doornail, as good as gold, as cool as a cucumber, as light as a feather, as heavy as lead, as daft as a brush, etc. Although his wife has eyes like a hawk, he ate like a horse, drank like a fish, and then slept like a log.
同意語	Synonym	big and large
反意語	Antonym	big vs. small

前置詞 Preposition
定義	Definition	前置詞は通常名詞または代名詞の前に位置し、その名詞（または代名詞）と他の語との関係を示すため意味合いを付け加えます。以下はいくつかの前置詞のカテゴリーと例文です。 A preposition governs (and usually precedes) a noun or pronoun in order to define its relationship to other words. Here below some categories and examples:
時間を表す前置詞	Preposition of time	For two years, since 2019, I've worked from nine to five. I've always arrived in time for work and finished by 5 o'clock. I used to work until / till midnight, but now I can relax before going to bed, at weekends after 12 noon on Saturdays, and during my long summer holiday in July.
場所を表す前置詞	Preposition of location	I work in an office on the 5th floor of the port authority building near the River Thames. I sit at the back by the window with a panoramic view over this important shipping lane. My boss, the oldest among us, sits in front of me. His secretary works opposite him, there's a junior clerk behind her and my colleague Dan sits next to / beside me. There's a filing cabinet between the photocopier and the coffee machine, a clock above the door and a wastepaper bin under each desk. The lunchroom is on the floor below ours.
動きや方向を表す前置詞	Preposition of movement	I got into my car and drove from Wall Street through Midtown Manhattan and then along the expressway to Long Island. I got out of my car at Montvale Race Track, where I got on / onto a horse. I didn't have to get off the horse because I was thrown from the saddle!
方法・手段を現す前置詞	Preposition of means	You can go to the Chinese restaurant by bus or on foot, but you'll have to eat with chopsticks!

接続詞 Conjunction
等位接続詞	Coordinating conjunction	Links two main clauses or ideas of equal value: He's big and strong but not so intelligent. She's both clever and reliable. The weather is either too wet or too windy. Frank is neither very rich nor very poor.
従位接続詞	Subordinating conjunction	Introduces a subordinate clause, i.e. one that cannot stand alone without the support of a main clause.
時間の従位接続詞	of time	when, whenever, while, as soon as, until, before, after, since
理由の従位接続詞	of reason	because, as, since, so
結果の従位接続詞	of result	so...that, such...that
目的の従位接続詞	of purpose	so that
状況の従位接続詞	of condition	if, in case, unless, as long as
対照や譲歩の従位接続詞	of contrast or concession	although, even though

感嘆詞 Interjection
例	Examples	Oh dear! She's late again. Ah, here she is. Ouch, that hurt!

数 (数詞) Number (Numeral)
基数 / 基数詞	Cardinal number / numeral	one, two, three, four, five, six...
序数 /序数詞	Ordinal number / numeral	first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth...

統語 Syntax

文字 Letter
小文字	Small (lower case)	abc...xyz
大文字	Large (upper case)	ABC...XYZ

形態素 Morpheme		自然言語の中でそれ以上分割することのできない最小の意味をもつ文字列のまとまり A morpheme is the smallest element of language that can convey meaning. For example, the word bricklayer is made up of three morphemes: brick, lay and -er.

接辞 Affix		An element added to the beginning of a word (prefix) or end of a word (suffix) to modify its meaning.
接頭辞	Prefix	An unusual day. A disobedient child
接尾辞	Suffix	The violinist played with the trumpeter.

語 Word		The smallest meaningful element of language. When written it stands alone with a space on either side of it. (19 words)

句 Phrase		A group of words forming a concept but not a sentence: in a hurry; by himself; day by day.
２項目句	Binomial phrase	There are restaurants here and there where ladies and gentlemen can wine and dine their friends and pick and choose from this and that on the menu.

文節 Clause		Part of a sentence including a subject and a predicate.
主節	Main clause	A clause that could stand independently and still make sense on its own: He apologized because he was late.
従属節	Subordinate clause	A clause that wouldn't make much sense without an accompanying main clause: He apologized because he was late.
関係節	Relative clause
制限用法関係節	Defining relative clause	The hotel (that / which) I stayed in was rather old.
非制限用法関係節	Non-defining relative clause	The hotel, which is quite famous, is going to close.
先行詞	Antecedent	The hotel (that / which) you stayed in was more modern.

文 Sentence		A sentence consists of at least one clause, i.e. a subject (which is sometimes only implied) and a predicate: I walk. Go! (=You go!)

節 Paragraph		A paragraph is a section in a piece of writing, usually highlighting a particular point or topic. It always begins on a new line, either after skipping a line or, as in this example, with an indentation. It consists of at least one sentence. (This piece of text constitutes a single paragraph.)

主語 Subject		He likes her. Going on vacation is fun. Pamela paints landscapes. John lives in a house by the river.

述部（述語） Predicate		He likes her. Going on vacation is fun. Pamela paints landscapes. John lives in a house by the river.

目的語 Object		She likes him although she thinks that he's crazy.
直接目的語	Direct object	They gave Tommy a present on his birthday.
間接目的語	Indirect object	They gave Tommy a present on his birthday.

補語 Complement		He is a scientist. She seems amused. We became tired.

話法 Speech
直接話法	Direct speech	"My job is tough," she said.
間接話法	Reported speech	She said (that) her job was tough.

疑問文 Question
直接疑問文	Direct question	What's your name?
間接疑問文	Indirect question	Ask him what his name is!
付加疑問文	Tag question	"You keep fit, don't you?" "You don't smoke, do you?"
修辞疑問文	Rhetorical question	This kind of question is used to make a statement rather than get an answer: "Who cares?" (= Nobody cares.) "Why bother?" (= It's a waste of time.)

法 The Moods

直接法 Indicative mood		The earth is round (a simple statement of fact).

命令法 Imperative mood		Save $200 a year on haircuts. Shave your head!

仮定法 Subjunctive mood
現在も使用されている古からある表現	Old phrases and clichés still in common use	Come what may... Be that as it may... God forbid! Woe betide... Till death do us part.
	Jussive subjunctive	In British English, the optional inclusion of should helps to clarify the jussive subjunctive: AmE I suggested that she go early. She insisted that something be done about his snoring. BrE I suggested that she (should) go early. She insisted that something (should) be done about his snoring.
	Hypothetical subjunctive	If I were you, I would see a doctor. (See type 2 conditional below!)
	as if / as though + past subjunctive	He acts as if he owned the company. She speaks as though she knew everything.
	it is time + past subjunctive (unreal past)	It is time we were leaving.

条件法 Conditional mood
１：起こりうる	Type 1: probable (real) conditional	If I'm late I'll call you.
２：起こる可能性低い	Type 2: improbable (unreal) conditional	If I had the time, I'd write a novel.
３：過去の事実とは異なる仮定	Type 3: hypothetical conditional	If I hadn't gone to Vegas, I wouldn't have lost a fortune.
４：中立	Type 4: zero conditional	If she has a cold she goes to bed.

時制 The Tenses

未来時制	Future simple	She will sleep soon.
未来進行形	Future continuous	She will be sleeping at 11 PM.
未来完了形	Future perfect	At 7 AM she will have slept for 8 hours.
未来完了進行形	Future perfect continuous	By 5 AM she will have been sleeping for 6 hours.
現在時制	Present simple	She sleeps well.
現在進行形	Present continuous	She is sleeping right now.
現在完了形	Present perfect	She has slept well since she was a child.
現在完了進行形	Present perfect continuous	Tonight she has been sleeping soundly for two hours.
過去時制	Past simple	She slept for ten hours last night.
過去進行形	Past continuous	She was sleeping when her husband came home.
過去完了	Past perfect	This morning he said she had slept all night long.
過去完了進行形	Past perfect continuous	She had been sleeping when the alarm clock rang.

発音 Pronunciation

標準的発音 Standards
英国の標準発音	Received pronunciation (RP)	The clearly articulated standard of British English that is prevalent among educated speakers in southern England.
一般米語	General American (GA)	The standard, non-regional form of U.S. English

音声学 Phonetics		The written classification of spoken sounds.
発音記号	Phonetic symbol	A symbol representing one particular sound.
音素	Phoneme	言語の音声を構成する最小単位の要素のこと The smallest phonetic element of language that can convey a distinction in meaning, e.g. the 'l' in late, the 'd' in date and the 'g' in gate.
母音	Vowel	a e i o u
子音	Consonant	b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
音節	Syllable	Canada has three syllables.
単母音	Monophthong	For example, the single vowel sound /æ/ in "hat".
二重母音	Diphthong	For example, the double vowel sound /eɪ/ in "hate".
同音異義語	Homonym	A word with the same sound (a homophone) or spelling (a homograph) as another but with a different meaning.
同音字	Homophone	I'll check if the Czech paid by cheque.
同形異義語	Homograph	Everyone at the fair had fair hair. It's not fair!
抑揚 (イントネーション)	Intonation	The rising and falling of your voice as you speak, especially when this conveys added meaning.
強勢	Stress	The accentuation of one particular word or syllable.
単語に強勢を置く	Word stress	She's an English English teacher.
音節に強勢を置く	Syllable stress	He's a photographer.

文体 Style

格式ばった様式	Formal style	Your children must be collected from school.
くだけた様式	Informal style	You have to pick your kids up from school.
熟語	Idiom	The taxi driver took me for a ride (= tricked me).
俗語	Slang	The cops are coming! (= police officers)
方言	Dialect	The language variant spoken in a particular area, e.g. Cockney in London's East End or Geordie on Tyneside.
地方語	Vernacular	A widely-spoken, non-formal regional language variant, such as the Estuary English of South-East England.
特殊用語	Jargon	I had to reboot my computer after it crashed.
専門用語	Terminology	He held her software on his hard drive.
直喩	Simile	He was as emotionless as a robot. She worked like a robot.
隠喩	Metaphor	He is a puppet of the regime. Her writing was rubbish.